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Anatomical Model

Anatomy & Physiology: Week Four

Chapter 15: Blood

What Blood Does

  • Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, waste
  • Regulation: temperature, acid-base, fluid-electrolyte balance
  • Protection: against infection and bleeding
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Characteristics of Blood

Whole blood
  • Viscosity (three to five times thicker than water)
  • pH (7.35 to 7.45)
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Plasma
  • Water, electrolytes, ions, and waste
  • Plasma proteins: Albumin, clotting factors, gamma globulins
  • Serum: Plasma minus clotting factors

Blood Has Two Parts

Plasma
  • 55% of total
  • Clear yellowish liquid
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Formed Elements
  • 45% of total
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Leukocytes (WBCs)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
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The Origin of Blood Cells

  • Erythropoiesis - RBC production
  • Leukopoiesis - WBC production
  • Thrombopoiesis - Platelet production
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Bone Marrow Depression

Bone Marrow Overactivity

Occurs if bone marrow cannot produce enough red blood cells
  • Also called myelosuppression
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Results
  • Aplastic anemia: RBC deficiency
  • Leukopenia: WBC deficiency
  • Thrombocytopenia: Platelet deficiency
  • Pancytopenia: Depression of all blood cells
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Leads to excess RBC production
  • Called polycythemia (vera or secondary)
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Polycythemia vera - a person with this disorder may be give a drug to depress bone marrow or undergo a phlebotomy to remove excess blood.
  • Burdens the heart
  • Overwhelms clotting system
  • Causes beet-red face and palms
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Red Blood Cells

Retics
Shape and contents
  • Large, disc-shaped, and flexible: because the RBC can bend, it can squeeze its way through tiny blood vessels, allowing the RBC to deliver oxygen to every cell in the body.
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Contains hemoglobin
  • Globin shapes RBC
  • Heme carries iron
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Regulation of RBC Production

  • Low O2 level in blood 
  • Kidney secretes erythropoietin (EPO)
  • EPO stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs
  • RBCs increase, thus increasing O2. 
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Anemia

RBC production falters if conditions are disordered or necessary substances are missing.
  • Sickle cell anemia
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Hemorrhagic anemia

      Click to study            Chapter Four Vocabulary words

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White Blood Cells: Leukocytes

Protect the body against infection and inflammation
  • Phagocytes: neutrophils, monocytes
Can leave the blood vessels
  • To site of infection or inflammation
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Classification of WBCs

Classified according to granules in their cytoplasm
  • Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
  • Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
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Neutrophils

  • Most common granulocyte
  • 55% to 70% of the total WBC population
  • Most important role: Phagocytosis
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Basophils

  • Least common, less than 1% of total leukocyte count
  • Granules contain histamine and heparin
  • Granules stain dark blue-purple, bi-lobed nucleus
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Eosinophils

  • Only 4% of total leukocyte count
  • Destroys parasitic worms and involved in the allergic response
  • Granules stain red, bi-lobed nucleus
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Lymphocytes

  • 20 -25% of total leukocyte count
  • Large, spherical nucleus
  • Consists of T and B cells
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Monocytes

  • 3 - 8% of total leukocyte count
  • Largest leukocyte
  • matures into macrophages
  • U - shaped nucleus
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 Click to review week four homework questions

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Platelets

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  • Fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Produced in the bone marrow (thrombopoiesis)
  • Life span of 5 to 9 days
  • Prevent blood loss - hemostasis

Blood Counts

Complete blood counts (CBC)
  • Provides information about blood composition
  • Shows percentage of the different types of WBCs
Differential counts​
  • Shows percentage of each WBC type

Hemostasis: Preventing Blood Loss

  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug
  • Coagulation
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Four Blood Types

Type A
  • A antigen on RBC
  • Anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type B
  • B antigen on the RBC
  • Anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Type AB
  • Both A and B antigen on RBC
  • Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type O
  • Neither A nor B antigens on RBC
  • Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Blood types.jpg

  • The blood type a person has depends on which antigens they have on their red blood cells.

  • The blood types a person can receive depends on the antibodies they have in their plasma.

  • You never want to match antigens and antibodies in a human, or agglutination will occur.

  • The universal donor is type O

  • The universal recipient is type AB

The Rh Factor

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The Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein (D antigen) on the surface of the red blood cell. Rh positive is the most common blood type.

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  • Can cause agglutination when wrong type is given

  • If patient has Rh antigen, the blood type is positive (+).

  • If there is no Rh antigen, the blood type is negative(-).

  • People are not born with anti-Rh antibodies.

  • Rh positive can receive + or -, but Rh negative should only receive negative(-).

Erythroblastosis fetalis

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Chapter 16: Anatomy of the Heart

Heart: Size and Location

Located between second rib and fifth intercostal space
  • Apex: Lower, pointed end of the heart
  • Base: Upper, flattened part of heart
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Heart: Layers and Coverings

Three layers of the heart
  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Pericardium
Pericardium 
  • Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
  • Parietal pericardium
Pericardial space, with 10 to 30 mL of fluid
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A Double Pump and Two Circulations

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Pulmonary circuit

  • Begins in the right ventricle

  • Ends in the left atrium

  • Picks up oxygen from the lungs

Systemic circuit

  • Begins in the left ventricle

  • Ends in the right atrium

  • Delivers oxygen to tissues

The Chambers of the Heart

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Vessels and Valves of the Heart

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             Click to review the                           heart vessels

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 Click to review the heart

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Heart Sounds

  • Lubb-dupp, lubb-dupp
  • Murmurs (abnormal heart sounds)
  • S1 - closure of the AV valves
  • S2 - Closure of the semilunar valves

Coronary Vessels

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Conduction System of the Heart

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Electrocardiogram

ECG measures electrical activity of the heart

  • 3 waves:

           - P wave- atrial depolarization

           -QRS complex- ventricular depolarization

             “hidden” atrial repolarization

           - T wave- ventricular repolarization

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 Click to review the labeling of the heart

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